Brook DL. Blackwell NJ. Unlike dog and cat pus (exudate), rabbit exudate is thick and semi-solid, much like toothpaste, making it difficult to flush. Use of collagen shields for treatment of chronic bilateral corneal ulcers in a pet rabbit. Dorsoventral (a) and right dorsalleft ventral oblique (b) radiographic views of the head of a rabbit examined because of unilateral exophthalmia and a history of a draining sinus in the left maxillary area of the face. Mamoray film, Mamoray HDR-C film, AGFA Corp, Greenville, SC. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2003;6:629659. This was very abnormal for her as she is a ravenous beast that will eat anything in her path. Small mammal dentistry, in Proceedings. and transmitted securely. Extensive online help - available wherever you are in CAB Direct. The ear normally due to an infection or sometimes it is secondary to dental disease. J Small Anim Pract 2001;42:130136. opacity: 1;
The symptoms that are present with a retrobulbar abscess in dogs will prompt a thorough eye exam to be completed. Treatment and OutcomeStomatoscopy-aided dental trimming, tooth removal, and abscess debridement were performed. In:Martin CL, ed.Ophthalmic disease in veterinary medicine. Vet Ophthalmol 2002;5:227230. Disclaimer. Oof, poor girl. Anatomy 6. The abscess capsule is defined by the hyperechoic curvilinear line (arrowheads) caudomedial to the globe (arrow), and the abscess contents are the hypoechoic material ventral to the line. }, author={Michelle Ward}, journal={The veterinary clinics of North America. Abnormal ocular or oculonasal discharge can also develop as a consequence of the eye irritation and the rabbit may show signs of discomfort such as excessive blinking and grinding teeth. Disease at an early age may also be attributable to genetic maxillary brachygnathia (in dwarf and brachycephalic rabbit breeds).3,17,19 The most likely etiology of secondary malocclusion is a combination of husbandry-related deficiencies. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of dental disease in pet rabbits. Complete surgical removal of the abscess along with correction of the cause gives the best chance for a complete cure. . It may not display this or other websites correctly. Some abscesses are formed by a foreign body such as a grass seed entering the rabbit. Unfortunately, retrobulbar abscesses are very difficult to treat due to the thick exudate that is difficult to drain and due to the location just behind the eye. The most common signs of a retrobulbar abscess are bulging of the eye, protrusion of the third eyelid across the eye and inability to close the eyelids completely. Intraocular pressuree was 14 and 13 mm Hg in the right and left eye, respectively. Hernandez-Divers SJ, Murray M. Small mammal endoscopy. The success of this conservative approach to management of a retrobulbar abscess resulted partly from frequent monitoring, serial stomatoscopy, and good client compliance. Abscesses in rabbits can present in many forms. Either-Employer-9216 30 min. Regarding her diet, she hasn't had pellets in 5 years, she eats a variety of Oxbow hay free choice and limited veggies. Copyright 2012 2012 by Susan Brown, DVM. Open in a separate window. Vet also tried to locate a fistula from the abscess to a tooth root but was unsuccessful. Abscesses are a common occurrence in rabbits, and form when bacteria enter the skin or a body cavity, and sets up an infection. An 18-gauge catheter was directed into the cavity, which was copiously flushed with 200 mL of warm sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Parathyroid hormone, haematological and biochemical parameters in relation to dental disease and husbandry in rabbits. Taking the abscess out, when very encapsulated, is often the best choice, especially if the area already has to be opened up to remove the eye. Some rabbits can live with abscesses on various parts of their body for years by having them surgically drained as needed. Wills J. Coenurosis in a pet rabbit. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Abscesses that form internally can be more difficult to diagnose or manage and include areas such as the uterus, lungs, heart, liver, abdominal fat, intestine and kidneys. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. Okayhere's the update. Prior to referral, the rabbit had undergone surgery for an abscess involving the left maxillary area of the face and had been treated with several antimicrobials, including enrofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfonamide, and cephalexin (dosages unknown). The cornea will be checked for ulceration and the pressure within the eye will also be measured. I work at a vet clinic so I brought her in and she was in shock and we had to bolus 250 ml of normasol and put her on oxygen. 2nd ed. Crossley DA. 2nd ed. Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference 2001, Advances in diagnosis and treatment of small exotic mammal dental disease, Clinical aspects of lagomorph dental anatomy: the rabbit (, A review of clinical conditions in pet rabbits associated with their teeth, Calcium deficiency, diet and dental disease in pet rabbits, Parathyroid hormone, haematological and biochemical parameters in relation to dental disease and husbandry in rabbits, Soft tissue surgery and dental procedures, Endoscopic assessment and treatment of cheek teeth malocclusion in pet rabbits, Endoscopy as an aid to the examination and treatment of oropharyngeal disease of small herbivorous mammals, Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit, Microbiological and molecular analysis of endodontic infections, The use of calcium hydroxide in the treatment of abscesses in the cheek of the rabbit resulting from a dental periapical disorder, Peridontal bacteria in rabbit mandibular and maxillary abscesses, Ophthalmologic diseases in small pet mammals, Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, Departments of Anatomy and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, COPYRIGHT ASSIGNMENT AND This can lead to problems when the abscess is located within the region of the eye, since the location is hard to successfully operate on, and the case is frequently difficult to cure. Find the detailed search strategy and background information here. 2019 Oct;12(10):1546-1553. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1546-1553. Dr. Blasier's present address is Cobb Emergency Veterinary Clinic, 630 Cobb Parkway N, Suite C, Marietta, GA 30062. [Fractures of the canines require attention]. van der Woerdt A. Ophthalmologic diseases in small pet mammals. Disclaimer. Jenkins JR. Soft tissue surgery. Retrobulbar and facial abscesses of periapical origin in rabbits often carry a poor prognosis [1,2] . In addition, some lumps are not abscesses at all but rather tumors or cysts and may need immediate removal. The cavity had decreased in size and was copiously flushed with sterile saline solution and antimicrobials, as described. Applying pressure to the globe at the same time as examining the oral cavity is helpful in the investigation of . Tooth root abscesses in llamas and alpacas: 123 cases (1994-2005). ago. This type of abscess is known as "retrobulbar abscess" leading pet owners to think there is something wrong with their pets eye, when in reality the abscess is caused by the decay on the tooth. Ophthalmic diseases. Location. Preoperative assessment and long-term monitoring were achieved with a combination of radiography, ophthalmic ultrasonography, and CT. Extraoral rigid endoscopy via a fenestration in the maxilla was used to facilitate surgical debridement of the lesion, and extraction of multiple cheek teeth has been fundamental to achieving control. With almost 15 million records to move to their new home, we expect this to take a couple of months to complete. We started with antibiotics, vet said it could be 4-6 weeks before we saw results. Tyrrell KL, Citron DM, Jenkins JR, et al. Clinical findings: The rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5. He went in under the eye in hopes that he might be able to access the abscess without reomving the eye, but unfortunately that wasn't the case. . Therefore, ciprofloxacin (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) was added to the treatment regimen at the time of the first recheck (2 weeks after surgery), and treatment was continued for 21 days. Verstraete FJM. If your library has implemented LibKey you will see in-line links on Search Results and the Abstract pageto connect you seamlessly with your librarys subscription access to the article. (1999) Treatment of Facial Abscesses in Rabbits. Euthanasia typically involves an injection into a main vein which will quickly and painlessly send the rabbit to sleep. Home page Questions and answers Statistics Donations Contact. }
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session so others can sign in. Sorry it had to happen. It is possible that this was a retrobulbar abscess and that the dog did not start bleeding until the surgical procedure was performed. Often, in moderate to severe cases, it is possible to make a presumptive diagnosis after having examined the affected eye and the mouth for the presence of dental disease. The accumulated fluid in the tear duct is a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and an abscess can form easily. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). No anaerobic organisms were isolated. A blood sample (2.5 mL) was collected from the central auricular artery. 2nd ed. .avma_container div{
If the abscess is retrobulbar, it mean the pus has collected behind the eye. Hillyer EV. It is important to determine the cause of an abscess, not to just treat the abscess itself. Unfortunately, it was too little too late. Hematologic analysis revealed normochromic macrocytic anemia with moderate anisocytosis and severe polychromasia: Hct was 25% (reference range, 30% to 50%), RBC count was 3.33 106 RBCs/L (reference range, 4 to 8 106 RBCs/L), hemoglobin concentration was 8.1 g/dL (reference range, 8.0 to 17.5 g/dL), mean corpuscular volume was 75 fL (reference range, 58.0 to 66.5 fL), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was 32.4 g/dL (reference range, 29 to 37 g/dL).1,2 The WBC count was slightly high at 12.7 103 leukocytes/L (reference range, 5 to 12 103 leukocytes/L), and apart from mild neutrophilia (61%; reference range, 33% to 55%), the leukocyte differential was within reference range.1,2 Results of plasma biochemical analyses were within reference ranges, and there was no serum antiP multocida antibody titer. Harcourt-Brown FM. Pasteurella multocida, which is believed to be a frequent cause of abscesses in rabbits, was not isolated from the rabbit of this report.9,36. If the abscess is not causing pain, the rabbit may act as if nothing is wrong. Vet Rec 2001;10:148188. How to manage the geriatric rabbit, in Proceedings. Notice that the previous hyperechoic curvilinear line caudomedial to the globe is absent. 2007; 230(6):868-72 . That's good. Most experienced rabbit veterinarians feel that complete surgical removal of the abscess, along with treatment of the underlying cause, gives the rabbit the best chance for a complete cure. Swabs from the abscess were collected instead of a biopsy specimen because swab specimens have also been found to be valuable diagnostically.34 In an earlier study34 of dental abscesses in pet rabbits, the etiologic agents often included a mixture of anaerobic gram-negative rods (especially Fusobacterium nucleatum); anaerobic gram-positive, nonspore-forming rods (predominantly Actinomyces spp); and aerobic gram-positive cocci (particularly the Streptococcus milleri group).34 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus spp were not isolated from mandibular and maxillary abscesses in that study, but other etiologic agents have been isolated from orbital abscesses in rabbits that were not reported.28 In humans, P aeruginosa and Enterococcus spp have been implicated in orbital abscesses.35 Given the favorable response to surgical and medical treatment, it was concluded that these organisms were the true etiologic agents and that the approach was successful in obtaining a representative sample. If these tracts are not removed or thoroughly cleaned, the abscess will return. bView of the soft tissue defect (arrow) remaining after removal of the left maxillary second molar. Retrobulbar abscesses Eye: retrobulbar abscess are also common. Just days after we had to put our little Snow to sleep Daria suddenly started being a picky eater. Hence, a rabbit that presents for primarily ophthalmologic signs such as epiphora or exophthalmus should receive a full dental examination. Treatment: Orbital cellulites and retrobulbar abscess are treated similarly, as follows: Drainage via an incision is made through only the oral mucosa. width: 100%;
There are many thoughts on how to treat rabbit abscesses and much depends on the location of the infection, the cause of the infection and the general condition of the bunny. Medical Information Search. J Vet Dent 1995;12:137140. Abstract. Andrews SE. 2007 Jul 15;231(2):284-9. doi: 10.2460/javma.231.2.284. Antimicrobials were flushed into the tooth abscess cavity, and antimicrobial treatment was initiated on the basis of cytologic findings and results of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing.Two months after the initial surgery, minimal exophthalmia was evident and no further physical, radiographic, or ultrasonographic changes were evident. Betty has developed some thick white discharge from the nostril on the side where she had the eye enucleated. Clinical relevance: A swab was inserted into the socket, and a swab specimen was submitted for aerobic and anerobic bacterial culture. I agree. Please note that using antibiotics as the sole treatment without at least opening and cleaning the abscess is usually unsuccessful because these drugs cannot adequately penetrate the thick capsule of the abscess and kill the bacteria inside. margin: 0;
It is not always possible to surgically remove an abscess due to its location, other disease (making anesthesia or a lengthy surgery dangerous) or financial restraints. It depends on the underlying cause. Treatment options for retrobulbar abscesses are presently limited in pet rabbits, and in 1 review,20 the prognosis was considered to be guarded to grave. Aim of the article: This article provides a guide of normal eye anatomy, routine ophthalmic examination and common ocular conditions in this species. Have a vet take some radiographs of the teeth to see if the roots look OK. Radiographs of the cranium (dorsoventral, right and left lateral, and oblique views) were obtained on a mammography cassettec and films.d Radiography revealed severe malocclusion of the premolars and molars, with multiple elongated roots. Surgery allows complete removal of the abscess and a thorough flushing of the cavity to ensure that none of the exudate is left within it. I am glad you got the abscess treated and sadly lost the eye in the process (a very common situation). but don't forget the original cause of the abscess may still exist (frequently overgrown tooth roots from a diet lacking enough fiber or too many pellets and other non-hay/grass items). Serial stomatoscopy and ultrasonographic evaluation were useful for evaluating the oral and retrobulbar areas, respectively, and are recommended for evaluation of retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits. Careers. If the cause of an abscess cannot be treated, there is a moderate to high probability it will return after treatment. O'Relly A, McCowan C, Hardman C, et al. There are many investigations that are possible to perform in order to make a diagnosis of retrobulbar abscess; the first is the a physical examination. If the entire abscess is completely removed, then the antibiotics might not be necessary or may be used for only a short time. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Common presentations include the following: . Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. In some instances, palliation was achieved with antimicrobial treatment and surgical debridement of the abscess.13 However, because rabbits form caseous exudates within thick-walled pyogenic capsules, incomplete excision often leads to recurrence.13,30 The recommended treatment for retrobulbar abscesses includes exenteration of the orbit and enucleation to allow access to and debridement of the retrobulbar space.3 Other described approaches that have been used after dental extraction and aggressive surgical debridement include packing the abscess cavity with antimicrobial suspensions, gentamicin-soaked collagen material, clindamycin powder or perforated capsules, calcium hydroxide, antimicrobial-soaked bone matrix material such as hydroxyapatite, bioactive ceramics, antimicrobial-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads, or doxycycline-containing polymer gel.8,28,31-33 There is at least 1 case report28 in which use of an endoscope facilitated surgical debridement of an abscess cavity, but in that instance, the endoscope was used extraorally.